Micro-CT analysis of the mandibular bone microarchitecture of rats after radiotherapy and low-power laser therapy.

To investigate whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT), at different times of application (immediate and late) in the region of the parotid glands, has a distance effect on the microarchitecture of the trabecular bone in mandible of rats irradiated by volumetric modular arc therapy (VMAT). Thirty adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into placebo control groups (CG, n = 2), only radiotherapy (RG, n = 2), only LPLT (LG, n = 2), and two other groups using LLLT in the immediate time (24 h) (ILG, n = 12) and late (120 h) (LLG, n = 12) to radiotherapy by VMAT in a single dose of 12 Gy. LLLT with AsGaAl laser (660 nm, 100 mW), a spot size of 0.0028 cm2, was applied in three points in the region of the right parotid gland, with energy of 2 J/cm2, 20 s per point, for 10 consecutive days. After euthanasia, the right hemimandibles of each animal were dissected, prepared, and analyzed by computerized microtomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry. The different groups were analyzed by the Tukey and Bonferroni multiple comparison tests. The micro-CT analysis found statistically significant differences between the groups, especially in the LLG, which had the highest average bone volume compared to the CG (p = 0.001) and ILG (p = 0.002) and a greater number of trabeculae than the CG (p = 0.000) and ILG (p = 0.031). The ILG also had a higher number of trabeculae than the CG (p = 0.005). Trabecula separation (Tb.Sp) was lower in the LLG (p = 0.000) and ILG (p = 0.002) when compared to the CG. In the histomorphometry, there was no statistical difference between the groups in relation to all the analyzed variables. Micro-CT analysis showed that the LLLT, even applied at a distance, both in the immediate and late VMAT times, has an effect on the mandibular bone microarchitecture by increasing the volume and number of trabeculae and decreasing the spaces between them.

Effect of Radiotherapy and Low-Level Laser Therapy on Circulating Blood Cells of Rats.

Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the blood cell count when applied to parotid glands of rats irradiated by volumetric modular arc therapy (VMAT). Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were used in this study. Samples were randomly assigned to three groups: control group (CG, n = 8), immediate laser group (24 hours) (ILG, n=12), and late laser group (120 hours) (LLG, n=12). The two laser groups were previously subjected to VMAT radiotherapy in a single dose of 12 Gy. LLLT with an AsGaAl laser (660 nm, 100 mW) was applied at three points in the region of the parotid glands, right side, with the energy of 2 J per point (20s, 70 J/cm2) and a spot size of 0.0028 cm2 for 10 consecutive days. In the euthanasia, blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture. The samples from each group were processed by an automatic method and analyzed for erythrogram, leukogram and platelet count values. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and each LLLT time point was analyzed in relation to the control group, with a significance level less than 0.05. Results: Groups using LLLT had higher red blood cell counts, being higher in the LLG (P = 0.000). The hematimetric indices MCV (P = 0.002) and MCH (P = 0.009) were lower than the control group, especially when compared to the group using LLLT 120h after radiotherapy (LLG). White blood cell counts were lower in the groups with radiotherapy and immediate use of LLLT (ILG) (P = 0.011), mainly at the expense of lymphocytes (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The results suggest a potential systemic effect of LLLT, especially on circulating red blood cell counts, regardless of their time of immediate or late use of radiotherapy.

Relationship between anemia and oral cancer: a case-control study.

The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, type and severity of anemia at the time of diagnosis of oral cancer, and its potential association with the degree of tumor cell differentiation. This case-control study used 366 medical records of patients treated at two referral centers for oral cancer diagnosis, specifically: cases (n=70) with a histopathological diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the oral cavity, and controls (n=296) with benign oral lesions. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables of both groups, as well as complete blood count values, were analyzed by descriptive statistics and crude/adjusted logistic regression. Anemia was detected in 15.7% of the cases and 11.8% of the controls. The presence of anemia had an OR=1.64 (odds ratio) (95%CI 0.54-5.00) for OSCC, with no significantly statistical association. Normocytic anemia was the most prevalent form of anemia when oral cancer was diagnosed (91.4% of the controls and 72.7% of the cases), and moderate to severely low hemoglobin levels were associated with OSCC diagnosis (OR 6.49; 95%CI 1.18-35.24), albeit data on hematological examinations were missing.

Relationship between anemia and oral cancer: a case-control study

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence, type and severity of anemia at the time of diagnosis of oral cancer, and its potential association with the degree of tumor cell differentiation. This case-control study used 366 medical records of patients treated at two referral centers for oral cancer diagnosis, specifically: cases (n=70) with a histopathological diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) of the oral cavity, and controls (n=296) with benign oral lesions. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables of both groups, as well as complete blood count values, were analyzed by descriptive statistics and crude/adjusted logistic regression. Anemia was detected in 15.7% of the cases and 11.8% of the controls. The presence of anemia had an OR=1.64 (odds ratio) (95%CI 0.54-5.00) for OSCC, with no significantly statistical association. Normocytic anemia was the most prevalent form of anemia when oral cancer was diagnosed (91.4% of the controls and 72.7% of the cases), and moderate to severely low hemoglobin levels were associated with OSCC diagnosis (OR 6.49; 95%CI 1.18-35.24), albeit data on hematological examinations were missing.

Evaluation of Aquaporins 1 and 5 Expression in Rat Parotid Glands After Volumetric Modulated Arc Radiotherapy and Use of Low-Level Laser Therapy at Different Times.

Introduction: This experimental study investigated the mRNA expression of aquaporins (AQPs) 1 and 5 in the parotid glands of rats irradiated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and subjected to low-level laser therapy (LLLT) at different time points. Methods: The sample consisted of 30 Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) divided into the following groups: control, LLLT alone (LG), radiotherapy alone (RG), and experimental groups that received LLLT at 24 hours (early experimental group [EEG], n=12) and 120 hours (late experimental group [LEG], n=12) after radiotherapy. VMAT was delivered at a single dose (12 Gy) and LLLT was performed with an aluminium-gallium-arsenide diode laser (660 nm, 100 mW), spot area of 0.0028 cm2, energy of 2 J/cm2 applied to 3 spots in the region corresponding to the right parotid gland, for 10 consecutive days. The right parotid gland was resected and prepared for RNA extraction. The gene expression of AQPs was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using specific TaqMan probes, with the HPRT gene as an internal control. Results: The lowest AQP1 gene expression was 0.83 (0.27) with the use of LLLT 24 hours after radiotherapy (EEG), and the highest was 1.56 (0.80) with the use of LLLT alone (LG). Likewise, the lowest AQP5 gene expression was found in the EEG (mean = 0.88; SD = 0.49) and the highest in the LG (mean = 1.29; SD = 0.33). Conclusion: The use of LLLT after radiotherapy may contribute to the maintenance and an increase of these proteins, even when used at a later time point after radiotherapy.

Oral and maxillofacial injuries in preschool children: a study in a hospital in southern Brazil

Oral and maxillofacial (OMF) injuries in children may lead to developmental and functional disorders. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed the pattern of OMF injuries in preschool children admitted to the emergency department of a hospital in southern Brazil. Subjects and method: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1,533 patients admitted from January to December 2011 to identify children aged 0 to 5 years with a diagnosis of OMF trauma. Data were collected on demographic, seasonal and clinical variables. Results: The sample consisted of 288 preschool children (aged 0-5 years) with OMF injuries. Of these, 61.1% were male and 53.2% were <3 years of age. Most children (84.8%) received first medical care from an dentist. Isolated facial injuries were the most common type of injury (85.1%) in this age group. Soft tissue injuries were the most common injury outcome (77.9%), occurring mainly in the nose and lips. Random accidents were the most common cause of OMF trauma (87.7%), and injuries due to falls occurred in 85.9% of these cases. The most common dental trauma was tooth displacement (69.6%). Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings indicate a higher prevalence of OMF injuries in soft tissues, especially in boys in the first three years of life. Falls were the leading cause of injury. Information related to OMF injuries in children are essential for the control of accidents and development of public health policies.

Oral manifestations in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy for leukemia / Manifestações bucais em pacientes pediátricos submetidos a quimioterapia para leucemia

Cross-sectional study of 36 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Intraoral examination and oral hygiene assessment were performed in all patients. Information was also obtained from interviews of patients' mothers and a review of medical records. Results: The sample was largely composed of boys (58.3%), ages 5­9 years. The most commonly used chemotherapy regimen was the BFM-95 protocol. Most children (83.3%) had a record of some oral manifestation during treatment. On intraoral examination, 17 children (50%) were found to have at least one oral manifestation. The most frequent manifestation was also mucositis (26.5%), followed by gingival bleeding (23.4%). Lower maternal educational level was associated with increased frequency of mucositis, as were induction chemotherapy and maintenance chemotherapy after relapse. Conclusions: Oral abnormalities were common in children receiving chemotherapy and mucositis was the most prevalent manifestation. Oral lesions were associated with the induction phase of chemotherapy. Mucositis was not associated with oral health status.

Estudo transversal de 36 crianças com leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) ou leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA). Exame intraoral e avaliação de higiene bucal foram realizados em todos os pacientes. A informação também foi obtida a partir de entrevistas com as mães dos pacientes e uma revisão dos registros médicos. Resultados: A amostra foi composta em grande parte dos meninos (58,3%), com idades entre 5-9 anos. O regime de quimioterapia mais comumente utilizado foi o protocolo BFM-95. A maioria das crianças (83,3%) teve um registro de alguma manifestação oral durante o tratamento. Ao exame intraoral, 17 crianças (50%) apresentaram ter pelo menos uma manifestação oral. A manifestação mais frequente foi mucosite (26,5%), seguido por sangramento gengival (23,4%). Baixa escolaridade materna foi associada com aumento da frequência de mucosite, assim como a quimioterapia de indução e quimioterapia de manutenção após recaída. Conclusões: Anormalidades orais são comuns em crianças que receberam quimioterapia e mucosite foi a manifestação mais prevalente. As lesões foram associados com a fase de indução da quimioterapia. Mucosite não foi associado com o estado de saúde oral.

A Retrospective Study of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries in an Emergency Hospital in Southern Brazil

Objective: To identify and analyze cases of OMF treated in an emergency hospital in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: The investigators conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional study. The sample was composed of 1,533 patient medical records. Demographic, seasonal, and clinical variables were collected. Additionally, the medical records also included data on etiological factors, injury site, and tissues involved. A descriptive analysis was conducted based on 1,179 (76.9%) records of OMF injuries. Results: Most patients were male children and adolescents. Accidents (59.7%), such as falls, and interpersonal violence (18.7%), such as physical aggression, were the main etiological factors. Most injuries involved soft tissue (66.4%), especially in the lip region; whereas fractures affected the nasal bones. Transfers and hospitalizations accounted for 8.1% of clinical outcomes and dentists participated in the treatment of 85% of cases. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest a higher prevalence of OMF injuries in men, affecting young people more frequently and showing falls as the main etiological factor. Dentists participated in the majority of the medical care. Future studies will focus on determining risk groups, developing preventive programs, and improving health care services, with the participation of dentists in the multidisciplinary team.

Tratamento da queilite actínica através da técnica cirúrgica da vermelhectomia / Treatment of actinic cheilitis by surgical vermilionectomy

A queilite actínica é uma lesão cancerizável que acomete principalmente o lábio inferior, cujo fator etiológico está relacionado à exposição crônica aos raios ultravioletas. Possui uma predileção aumentada por indivíduos que apresentam atividade laboral com intensa exposição ao sol. Clinicamente, observam-se áreas maculares brancas ou avermelhadas ou lesões em forma de placas esbranquiçadas resultantes da hiperceratinização do epitélio do lábio, a qual pode progredir para a perda do limite entre a pele, vermelhão do lábio e a mucosa. Essas lesões são geralmente assintomáticas e podem progredir para áreas erosivas e/ou ulceradas. Dentre as diversas formas de tratamento, há a vermelhectomia, que consiste num procedimento cirúrgico para a remoção parcial ou total do vermelhão do lábio, apresentando baixo custo e permitindo a disponibilidade de material para exame anatomopatológico. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar a técnica de vermelhectomia no tratamento de um paciente com diagnóstico de queilite actínica...

Actinic cheilitis is a potentially premalignant condition that is primarily found on the lower lip. Etiology is related to chronic exposure to ultraviolet light and the condition exhibits a strong predilection for people whose work involves intense exposure to the sun. Clinically observable signs include white or reddened areas of maculation or whitish plaques caused by hyperkeratinization of the lip epithelium, which can progress to a point at which the demarcation between the skin, vermillion border of the lip and the mucosa is lost. These lesions are generally asymptomatic but may progress to form areas of erosion and/or ulceration. There are a number of treatments available, one of which, vermilionectomy, is a surgical procedure in which the vermillion border of the lip is partially or totally removed and which, in addition to being inexpensive, offers the advantage of providing material for pathological analysis. The objective of this study is to describe the vermilionectomy technique as used to treat a patient diagnosed with actinic cheilitis...